[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
present, and the tense in the main clause is the simple future
'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
If + simple present Simple future
If it rains you will get wet
If you don't hurry we will miss the train.
In these sentences, the time is the present or future and the situation is
real. They refer to a possible condition and its probable result.
3. The Type 2 conditional, where the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple
past, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional:
'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
If + simple past Present conditional
If it rained you would get wet
If you went to bed earlier you wouldn't be so tired.
In these sentences, the time is now or any time, and the situation is unreal.
They are not based on fact, and they refer to an unlikely or hypothetical
condition and its probable result.
4. The Type 3 conditional, where the tense in the 'if' clause is the past
perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional:
'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
If + past perfect Perfect conditional
If it had rained you would have got wet
If you had worked harder you would have passed the exam.
In these sentences, the time is past, and the situation is contrary to reality.
The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed, and they
refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result.
A further type if 'if' sentence exists, where Type 2 and Type 3 are mixed. The
tense in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is
the present conditional:
'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
If + past perfect Present conditional
If I had worked harder at I would have a better job now.
school we wouldn't be lost.
If we had looked at the map
In these sentences, the time is past in the 'if' clause, and present in the
main clause. They refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result
in the present.
The Full PDF Online English Grammar V1.1 © copyright - all rights reserved 1995-2001, Anthony Hughes
The English4Today Members' Website
|A |B |C |D |E |F |G |H |I |J |K |L |M |N |O |P |Q |R |S |T |U |V |W |X |Y |Z |
TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL
1. Form
In a Type 1 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if clause is the simple
present, and the tense in the main clause is the simple future
'IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present Simple future
If it rains you will get wet
If you don't hurry we will miss the train.
2. Function
In these sentences, the time is the present or future and the situation is
real. They refer to a possible condition and its probable result. They are
based on facts, and they are used to make statements about the real world,
and about particular situations. We often use such sentences to give
warnings:
If you don't leave, I'll call the police.
If you don't drop the gun, I'll shoot!
Examples:
If you drop that glass, it will break.
Nobody will notice if you make a mistake.
If I have time, I'll finish that letter.
What will you do if you miss the plane?
NOTE: We can use modals to express the degree of certainty of the result:
If you drop that glass, it might break.
I may finish that letter if I have time.
The Full PDF Online English Grammar V1.1 © copyright - all rights reserved 1995-2001, Anthony Hughes
The English4Today Members' Website
|A |B |C |D |E |F |G |H |I |J |K |L |M |N |O |P |Q |R |S |T |U |V |W |X |Y |Z |
TYPE 2 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
1. Form
In a Type 2 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple
past, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional:
'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
If + simple past Present conditional
If it rained you would get wet
If you went to bed earlier you wouldn't be so tired.
Present conditional, form
The present conditional of any verb is composed of two parts - the modal
auxiliary would + the infinitive of the main verb (without 'to'.)
Subject would infinitive without to
She would learn
Affirmative
I would go
Negative
I wouldn't ask
Interrogative
Would she come?
Interrogative negative
Wouldn't they accept?
Would: Contractions of would
In spoken English, would is contracted to 'd.
I'd We'd
you'd you'd
he'd, she'd they'd
The negative contraction = wouldn't.
Example: to accept, Present conditional
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I would accept I wouldn't accept Would I accept?
You would accept You wouldn't Would you accept?
accept
He would accept She wouldn't Would he accept?
accept
We would accept We wouldn't Would we accept?
accept
You would accept You wouldn't Would you accept?
accept
They would accept They wouldn't Would they accept?
accept
2. Function
In these sentences, the time is now or any time, and the situation is unreal.
They are not based on fact, and they refer to an unlikely or hypothetical
condition and its probable result. The use of the past tense after 'if'
indicates unreality. We can nearly always add a phrase starting with "but",
that expresses the real situation:
If the weather wasn't so bad, we would go to the park (...but it is
bad, so we can't go)
If I was the Queen of England, I would give everyone £100. (...but
I'm not, so I won't)
Examples of use:
1. To make a statement about something that is not real at present, but is
possible:
I would visit her if I had time. (= I haven't got time but I might have some
time)
2. To make a statement about a situation that is not real now and never
could be real:
If I were you, I'd give up smoking (but I could never be you)
Examples:
a. If I was a plant, I would love the rain.
b. If you really loved me, you would buy me a diamond ring.
c. If I knew where she lived, I would go and see her.
d. You wouldn't need to read this if you understood English grammar.
e. Would he go to the concert if I gave him a ticket?
f. They wouldn't invite her if they didn't like her
g. We would be able to buy a larger house if we had more money
NOTE: It is correct, and very common, to say "If I were" instead of "If I was".
The Full PDF Online English Grammar V1.1 © copyright - all rights reserved 1995-2001, Anthony Hughes
The English4Today Members' Website
|A |B |C |D |E |F |G |H |I |J |K |L |M |N |O |P |Q |R |S |T |U |V |W |X |Y |Z |
TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
1. Form
In a Type 3 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the past
perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional:
'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
If + past perfect Perfect conditional
If it had rained you would have got wet
If you had worked harder you would have passed the
exam.
Perfect conditional - form
The perfect conditional of any verb is composed of two elements: would +
the perfect infinitive of the main verb (=have + past participle):
Subject would perfect infinitive
He would have gone...
They would have stayed...
Affirmative
I would have believed ...
Negative
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]