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missing clue, and as a result, this tale of the all too human Sumerian gods can now be told.{xr. 67}
Inanna, queen of heaven, and tutelary goddess of Erech, is anxious to increase the welfare and prosperity
of her city, to make it the center of Sumerian civilization, and thus to exalt her own name and fame. She
therefore decides to go to Eridu, the ancient and hoary seat of Sumerian culture where Enki, the Lord of
Wisdom, who "knows the very heart of the gods," dwells in his watery abyss, the Abzu. For Enki has
under his charge all the divine decrees that are fundamental to civilization. And if she can obtain them,
by fair means or foul, and bring them to her beloved city Erech, its glory and her own will indeed be
unsurpassed. As she approaches the Abzu of Eridu, Enki, no doubt taken in by her charms, calls his
messenger Isimud and thus addresses him:
|$"Come, my messenger, Isimud, give ear to my instructions,
A word I will say to thee, take my word.
The maid, all alone, has directed her step to the Abzu,
Inanna, all alone, has directed her step to the Abzu,
Have the maid enter the Abzu of Eridu,
Have Inanna enter the Abzu of Eridu,
Give her to eat barley cake with butter,
Pour for her cold water that freshens the heart,
Give her to drink date-wine in the 'face of the lion,'
. . . for her . . . . make for her . . .,
At the pure table, the table of heaven,
Speak to Inanna words of greeting."/$/|
Isimud does exactly as bidden by his master, and Inanna and Enki sit down to feast and banquet. After
their hearts had become happy with drink, Enki exclaims:
{p. 66}
|$"O name of My power, O name of my power,
To the pure Inanna, my daughter, I shall present . . ..
Lordship, . . .-ship, godship, the tiara exalted and enduring, the throne of kingship."
Pure Inanna took them.
"O name of my power, O name of my power,
To the pure Inanna, my daughter, I shall present . . . .
The exalted scepter, staffs, the exalted shrine, {sic "sheperdship" "shepherdship"}, kingship."
Pure Inanna took them./$/|
He thus presents, several at a time, over one hundred divine decrees which are the basis of the culture
pattern of Sumerian civilization. And when it is realized that this myth was inscribed as early as 2000 B.
C. and that the concepts involved were no doubt current centuries earlier, it is no exaggeration to state
that no other civilization, outside of the Egyptian, can at all compare in age and quality with that
developed by the Sumerians. Among these divine decrees presented by Enki to Inanna are those
referring to lordship, godship, the exalted and enduring crown, the throne of kingship, the exalted
scepter, the exalted shrine, {sic "sheperdship" "shepherdship"}, kingship, the numerous priestly offices,
truth, descent into the nether world and ascent from it, the "standard," the flood, sexual intercourse and
prostitution, the legal tongue and the libellous tongue, art, the holy cult chambers, the "hierodule of
heaven," music, eldership, heroship and power, enmity, straightforwardness, the destruction of cities and
lamentation, rejoicing of the heart, falsehood, the rebel land, goodness and justice, the craft of the
carpenter, metal worker, scribe, smith, leather worker, mason, and basket weaver, wisdom and
understanding, purification, fear and outcry, the kindling flame and the consuming flame, weariness, the
shout of victory, counsel, the troubled heart, judgment and decision, exuberance, musical instruments.
Inanna is only too happy to accept the gifts offered her by the drunken Enki. She takes them, loads them
on her "boat of heaven," and makes off for Erech with her precious cargo. But after the effects of the
banquet had worn
{p. 67}
off, Enki noticed that the divine decrees were gone from their usual place. He turns to Isimud and the
latter informs him that he, Enki himself, had presented them to his daughter Inanna. The upset Enki
greatly rues his munificence and decides to prevent the "boat of heaven" from reaching Erech at all
costs. He therefore dispatches his messenger Isimud together with a group of sea monsters to follow
Inanna and her boat to the first of the seven stopping stations that are situated between the Abzu of Eridu
and Erech. Here the sea monsters are to seize the "boat of heaven" from Inanna; Inanna, herself,
however, must be permitted to continue her journey to Erech afoot. The passage covering Enki's
instructions to Isimud and Isimud's conversation with Inanna, who reproaches her father Enki as an
"Indian-giver," will undoubtedly go down as a classic poetic gem. It runs as follows:
The prince calls his messenger Isimud,
|$The prince calls his messenger Isimud,
Enki gives the word to the "good name of heaven":
"Oh my messenger Isimud, 'my good name of heaven'."
"Oh my king Enki, here I stand, forever is praise."
"The 'boat of heaven,' where now has it arrived?"
"At the quay Idal it has arrived."
"Go, and let the sea monsters seize it from her."/$/|
Isimud does as bidden, overtakes the "boat of heaven," and says to Inanna:
|$"Oh my queen, thy father has sent me to thee,
Oh Inanna, thy father has sent me to thee,
Thy father, exalted is his speech,
Enki, exalted is his utterance,
His great words are not to go unheeded."
Holy Inanna answers him:
"My father, what has he spoken to thee, what has he said to thee?
His great words that are not to go unheeded, what pray are they?"
"My king has spoken to me,
Enki has said to me:
'Let Inanna go to Erech,
But thou, bring me back the "boat of heaven" to Eridu'." {p. 68}
Holy Inanna says to the messenger Isimud:
"My father, why pray has he changed his word to me,
Why has he broken his righteous word to me,
Why has he defiled his great words to me?
My father has spoken to me falsehood, has spoken to me falsehood,
Falsely has he uttered the name of his power, the name of the Abzu."
Barely had she uttered these words,
The sea monsters seized the "boat of heaven."
Inanna says to her messenger Ninshubur:
"Come, my true messenger of Eanna,
My messenger of favorable words,
My carrier of true words,
Whose hand never falters, whose foot never falters,
Save the 'boat of heaven,' and Inanna's presented decrees."/$/|
This Ninshubur does. But Enki is persistent. He sends Isimud accompanied by various sea monsters to
seize the "boat of heaven" at each of the seven stopping points between Eridu and Erech. And each time
Ninshubur comes to Inanna's rescue. Finally Inanna and her boat arrive safe and sound at Erech, where
amidst jubilation and feasting on the part of its delighted inhabitants, she unloads the divine decrees one
at a time. The poem ends with a speech addressed by Enki to Inanna, but the text is seriously damaged
and it is not clear whether it is reconciliatory or retaliatory in character.
THE CREATION OF MAN
The composition narrating the creation of man has been found inscribed on two duplicating tablets: one
is a Nippur tablet in our University Museum; the other is in the Louvre, which acquired it from an
antique dealer. In spite of the fact that by 1934 the Louvre tablet and the greater part of the University
Museum tablet had already been copied and published,{xr. 72} the contents remained unintelligible.
Primarily responsible for this unfortunate situation is the fact that our University Museum tablet, which
is better preserved than the Louvre fragment, arrived in Philadelphia
{p. 69}
some four or five decades ago, broken into four parts. By 1919 two of the pieces had already been
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